Does CBAM apply to electricity imported through interconnectors?

Yes. CBAM applies to all electricity physically imported into the EU customs territory under CN 2716.00, regardless of the technical pathway (HVDC interconnector, AC link, or capacity allocation through ENTSO-E day-ahead market). The point of grid coupling determines scope, not the contractual arrangement.

What CN code covers electricity under CBAM?

Electricity is classified under CN 2716.00 ('electrical energy') in the EU Combined Nomenclature. This is the sole CN code covering electricity imports under CBAM. Verify against Annex I of Regulation (EU) 2023/956.

How does CBAM calculate electricity emissions if I do not submit verified data?

Under Regulation (EU) 2025/2621 Annex III, importers without verified actual emissions data must use the country-of-origin grid emission factor published by the European Commission, based on a 5-year average of International Energy Agency data weighted by fossil-fuel generation. Statutory markup applies: 10% in 2026, 20% in 2027, 30% from 2028 onwards. Submitting verified actual data via qualifying PPA or direct technical link can substantially reduce or eliminate CBAM liability.

When is the first CBAM declaration due for electricity imports?

The first annual CBAM declaration is due 30 September 2027, covering electricity imported during calendar year 2026. Quarterly transitional reports continued through Q4 2025. From 1 January 2026, only the EU importer filing with the EU Registry may import electricity into the EU customs territory.

How do grid default, qualifying PPA, and direct technical link routes differ?

Annex III of Regulation (EU) 2025/2621 specifies three routes. Grid default uses the country-of-origin 5-year IEA emission factor — the simplest and most common path. Qualifying PPA allows the importer to use the actual emission factor of the contracted generation source, provided the contract meets Annex III conditions (assured volume, additionality, smart metering at both ends). Direct technical link allows zero or near-zero declarations where the importer has a physical connection to a specific RES installation without grid congestion.

What evidence is required for a qualifying PPA route?

Annex III lists cumulative criteria: a contractual agreement with the RES installation specifying volume and timing, smart metering at both the generation source and the import meter, evidence of no physical congestion between source and meter, capacity nomination through the relevant transmission system operator, and a declarant-specific addendum for electricity. Without all six elements, the importer defaults to the grid emission factor.

How is electricity from interconnectors with multiple sources treated?

If an installation draws from multiple electricity sources, Annex III defaults to a weighted average emission factor across all sources unless the operator can evidence single or subset sourcing for the relevant process. Day-ahead market trades typically default to the grid factor of the price-setting country.

What happens if my CBAM XML fails verification for electricity?

The EU importer filing with the EU Registry will reject the XML and request corrections. Common rejection reasons include CN code mismatches, missing emission factor source declaration (grid vs PPA vs direct), missing smart metering evidence for PPA/direct-link claims, default values exceeding the 20% threshold imposed from July 2024, and missing Annex III calculation method declarations. Carbon Mandate's free XML scan checks file structure against CBAM schema requirements for electricity before transmission.

CN 27 · ELECTRICITY

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Default-value markup scheduleArt. 5(3) Reg (EU) 2025/2621

2026 default markupCurrent+10%above verified default

2027 default markup+20%above verified default

2028 default markup+30%above verified default

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Electricity

In scope

Cross-border electricity imports. Default benchmark applies until verified actuals.

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Emission data · Validation

The rules every XML is checked against before release.

Validation rules applied to this sector

EL-01Declared CN code falls outside chapter 2716 (electrical energy) — verifier will reject.error

EL-02Root reportingPeriod element missing — required for every declaration.error

EL-03Producer EORI does not match member-state format pattern.warning

EL-04Total embedded emissions cannot be zero for declared generation volume.error

EL-05calculationMethodId missing — Annex III requires explicit declaration of method used.error

EL-06generationSource missing — coal/gas/nuclear/renewable/mixed is mandatory for electricity.error

25 rules total · full rule set applied on every scan

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Regulatory calendar

The dates that move the liability.

Every deadline below is fixed by Regulation (EU) 2023/956 as amended by Regulation (EU) 2025/2083. Plan verifier bookings, ACD applications, and supplier data collection against the regulatory calendar below — not the financial year.

1 Jan 2026Definitive period started—
31 Mar 2026Late ACD application deadline—
1 Feb 2027CBAM certificate purchasing opens—
30 Sep 2027First annual CBAM declaration due—

Source: Regulation (EU) 2023/956 as amended by Regulation (EU) 2025/2083

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